3.1 Arithmetic Operators

Table of Contents

1. •Introduction
2. •Basic Arithmetic Operators
3. •Addition Operator
4. •Subtraction Operator
5. •Multiplication Operator
6. •Division Operator
7. •Modulo (Remainder) Operator
8. •Exponentiation Operator
9. •Unary Operators
10. •Increment and Decrement
11. •Operator Precedence
12. •Special Numeric Values
13. •Common Patterns
14. •Best Practices

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Introduction

Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations on numeric values. JavaScript supports all standard mathematical operations plus some additional features like modulo and exponentiation.

Quick Overview

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Basic Arithmetic Operators

The Five Fundamental Operations

   ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

   Addition          Subtraction        Multiplication
   ┌────────┐        ┌────────┐         ┌────────┐
   │ 5 + 3  │        │ 5 - 3  │         │ 5 * 3  │
   │   = 8  │        │   = 2  │         │  = 15  │
   └────────┘        └────────┘         └────────┘

   Division          Modulo
   ┌────────┐        ┌────────┐
   │ 15 / 3 │        │ 17 % 5 │
   │   = 5  │        │   = 2  │
   └────────┘        └────────┘

Operator Characteristics

// All arithmetic operators:
// - Return a number (or NaN if operation fails)
// - Can work with numeric values or values that coerce to numbers
// - Follow mathematical rules (order of operations)

let a = 10;
let b = 3;

console.log(a + b); // 13
console.log(a - b); // 7
console.log(a * b); // 30
console.log(a / b); // 3.3333333333333335
console.log(a % b); // 1
console.log(a ** b); // 1000

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Addition Operator

Basic Addition

// Number + Number
console.log(5 + 3); // 8
console.log(10.5 + 2.5); // 13
console.log(-5 + 3); // -2
console.log(-5 + -3); // -8

// Adding negative numbers
console.log(10 + -5); // 5 (same as 10 - 5)

String Concatenation

The + operator doubles as a concatenation operator for strings:

// String + String
console.log('Hello' + ' ' + 'World'); // "Hello World"

// String + Number = String (number converts to string)
console.log('Value: ' + 42); // "Value: 42"
console.log('5' + 3); // "53" (string!)
console.log(3 + '5'); // "35" (string!)

// Multiple operands - left to right
console.log(5 + 3 + '8'); // "88" (5+3=8, then "8"+"8"="88")
console.log('5' + 3 + 8); // "538" (strings all the way)

Addition with Special Values

console.log(Infinity + 1); // Infinity
console.log(Infinity + Infinity); // Infinity
console.log(-Infinity + Infinity); // NaN
console.log(NaN + 5); // NaN

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Subtraction Operator

Basic Subtraction

console.log(10 - 5); // 5
console.log(5 - 10); // -5
console.log(-5 - 3); // -8
console.log(-5 - -3); // -2 (subtracting negative)

Type Coercion with Subtraction

Unlike +, the - operator ALWAYS converts to numbers:

console.log('10' - 5); // 5 (string "10" → number 10)
console.log('10' - '5'); // 5
console.log('abc' - 5); // NaN
console.log(true - false); // 1 (true=1, false=0)
console.log(null - 1); // -1 (null → 0)
console.log(undefined - 1); // NaN

Subtraction with Special Values

console.log(Infinity - 1); // Infinity
console.log(Infinity - Infinity); // NaN
console.log(-Infinity - -Infinity); // NaN
console.log(5 - NaN); // NaN

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Multiplication Operator

Basic Multiplication

console.log(5 * 3); // 15
console.log(-5 * 3); // -15
console.log(-5 * -3); // 15
console.log(2.5 * 4); // 10
console.log(0.1 * 0.2); // 0.020000000000000004 (floating point!)

Type Coercion with Multiplication

console.log('5' * 3); // 15
console.log('5' * '3'); // 15
console.log(true * 5); // 5
console.log(false * 5); // 0
console.log(null * 5); // 0
console.log(undefined * 5); // NaN
console.log('abc' * 5); // NaN

Multiplication with Special Values

console.log(Infinity * 2); // Infinity
console.log(Infinity * -1); // -Infinity
console.log(Infinity * 0); // NaN
console.log(Infinity * Infinity); // Infinity
console.log(5 * NaN); // NaN

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Division Operator

Basic Division

console.log(10 / 2); // 5
console.log(10 / 3); // 3.3333333333333335
console.log(-10 / 2); // -5
console.log(-10 / -2); // 5
console.log(10 / -2); // -5

Division by Zero

// Division by zero doesn't throw an error!
console.log(5 / 0); // Infinity
console.log(-5 / 0); // -Infinity
console.log(0 / 0); // NaN (indeterminate form)

Type Coercion with Division

console.log('10' / 2); // 5
console.log('10' / '2'); // 5
console.log(true / 2); // 0.5
console.log(null / 5); // 0
console.log(undefined / 5); // NaN

Division with Special Values

console.log(Infinity / 2); // Infinity
console.log(Infinity / Infinity); // NaN
console.log(5 / Infinity); // 0
console.log(-5 / Infinity); // -0 (negative zero!)
console.log(10 / NaN); // NaN

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Modulo (Remainder) Operator

Understanding Modulo

The modulo operator returns the remainder after integer division.

   Modulo Visualization:

   17 % 5 = ?

   17 ÷ 5 = 3 remainder 2

   ┌───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┬───┐
   │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4 │ 5 │ 6 │ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │10 │11 │12 │13 │14 │15 │16 │17 │
   └───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┘
   └─────────┬─────────┘ └─────────┬─────────┘ └─────────┬─────────┘ └─┬─┘
         5 × 1 = 5            5 × 2 = 10           5 × 3 = 15      remainder = 2

   17 % 5 = 2

Basic Modulo Operations

console.log(17 % 5); // 2 (17 = 5*3 + 2)
console.log(10 % 3); // 1 (10 = 3*3 + 1)
console.log(10 % 5); // 0 (perfectly divisible)
console.log(5 % 10); // 5 (5 = 10*0 + 5)

Negative Numbers with Modulo

// Result takes the sign of the dividend (left operand)
console.log(-17 % 5); // -2
console.log(17 % -5); // 2
console.log(-17 % -5); // -2

Common Use Cases

// 1. Check if even or odd
let num = 7;
if (num % 2 === 0) {
  console.log('Even');
} else {
  console.log('Odd'); // This runs
}

// 2. Check divisibility
function isDivisibleBy(number, divisor) {
  return number % divisor === 0;
}
console.log(isDivisibleBy(15, 3)); // true
console.log(isDivisibleBy(15, 4)); // false

// 3. Wrap around (cycling)
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  console.log(i % 3); // 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0
}

// 4. Get last digit(s)
console.log(12345 % 10); // 5 (last digit)
console.log(12345 % 100); // 45 (last two digits)

// 5. Keep value in range
let angle = 450;
let normalizedAngle = angle % 360; // 90

Modulo with Floating Point

console.log(5.5 % 2); // 1.5
console.log(10.5 % 3); // 1.5
console.log(2.5 % 1); // 0.5
console.log(5.5 % 1.5); // 1 (be careful with precision)

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Exponentiation Operator

Basic Exponentiation

The ** operator was introduced in ES2016 (ES7).

// base ** exponent
console.log(2 ** 3); // 8 (2 × 2 × 2)
console.log(3 ** 2); // 9 (3 × 3)
console.log(10 ** 0); // 1 (anything^0 = 1)
console.log(5 ** 1); // 5
console.log(2 ** 10); // 1024

Fractional and Negative Exponents

// Square root (^0.5)
console.log(25 ** 0.5); // 5
console.log(16 ** 0.5); // 4

// Cube root (^(1/3))
console.log(27 ** (1 / 3)); // 3

// Negative exponents (reciprocal)
console.log(2 ** -1); // 0.5 (1/2)
console.log(2 ** -2); // 0.25 (1/4)
console.log(10 ** -3); // 0.001

Comparison with Math.pow()

// These are equivalent:
console.log(2 ** 3); // 8
console.log(Math.pow(2, 3)); // 8

// But ** is right-associative:
console.log(2 ** (3 ** 2)); // 512 (2^(3^2) = 2^9)
console.log(Math.pow(Math.pow(2, 3), 2)); // 64 ((2^3)^2)

Edge Cases

console.log(0 ** 0); // 1 (mathematical convention)
console.log((-2) ** 2); // 4
console.log((-2) ** 3); // -8
// console.log(-2 ** 2);      // SyntaxError! Need parentheses
console.log(Infinity ** 0); // 1
console.log(1 ** Infinity); // 1

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Unary Operators

Unary Plus (+)

Converts operand to a number:

console.log(+5); // 5
console.log(+'5'); // 5 (string to number)
console.log(+''); // 0
console.log(+true); // 1
console.log(+false); // 0
console.log(+null); // 0
console.log(+undefined); // NaN
console.log(+'abc'); // NaN
console.log(+[]); // 0
console.log(+[5]); // 5
console.log(+[1, 2]); // NaN

Unary Negation (-)

Converts to number AND negates:

console.log(-5); // -5
console.log(-(-5)); // 5
console.log(-'5'); // -5
console.log(-true); // -1
console.log(-'abc'); // NaN

Practical Uses

// Quick string to number conversion
let str = '42';
let num = +str; // 42

// Toggle positive/negative
let value = 10;
value = -value; // -10
value = -value; // 10

// Convert to number in expressions
let input = '100';
let result = +input + 50; // 150 (number + number)

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Increment and Decrement

Prefix vs Postfix

   INCREMENT/DECREMENT TIMING

   Prefix (++x, --x)          Postfix (x++, x--)
   ┌────────────────┐         ┌────────────────┐
   │ First: Change  │         │ First: Return  │
   │ Then: Return   │         │ Then: Change   │
   └────────────────┘         └────────────────┘

Increment (++)

let x = 5;

// Postfix: returns original, then increments
console.log(x++); // 5 (returns 5, then x becomes 6)
console.log(x); // 6

// Prefix: increments, then returns
x = 5;
console.log(++x); // 6 (x becomes 6, returns 6)
console.log(x); // 6

Decrement (--)

let y = 5;

// Postfix
console.log(y--); // 5 (returns 5, then y becomes 4)
console.log(y); // 4

// Prefix
y = 5;
console.log(--y); // 4 (y becomes 4, returns 4)
console.log(y); // 4

Practical Examples

// Common loop patterns
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  console.log(i); // 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
}

// Reverse loop
for (let i = 5; i > 0; i--) {
  console.log(i); // 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
}

// Counter
let counter = 0;
function increment() {
  return ++counter;
}
console.log(increment()); // 1
console.log(increment()); // 2

// Array index
let arr = [10, 20, 30];
let i = 0;
console.log(arr[i++]); // 10
console.log(arr[i++]); // 20
console.log(arr[i++]); // 30

Gotchas

// Don't use ++ on non-variables
let x = 5;
// 5++;  // SyntaxError: Invalid left-hand side

// Multiple increments in one expression - avoid!
let a = 1;
// This is confusing - don't do this:
let b = a++ + ++a; // 1 + 3 = 4 (a is now 3)

// Clearer:
let c = 1;
c++;
c++;
let d = c; // 3

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Operator Precedence

Arithmetic Precedence Rules

   PRECEDENCE (high to low)

   1. ()          Parentheses (grouping)
   2. **          Exponentiation (right-to-left!)
   3. + -         Unary plus/minus
   4. * / %       Multiplication, Division, Modulo
   5. + -         Addition, Subtraction

Examples

// Without parentheses
console.log(2 + 3 * 4); // 14 (not 20)
console.log(10 - 4 / 2); // 8 (not 3)
console.log(2 ** 3 * 4); // 32 (8 * 4)

// With parentheses
console.log((2 + 3) * 4); // 20
console.log((10 - 4) / 2); // 3
console.log(2 ** (3 * 4)); // 4096 (2^12)

Associativity

// Left-to-right (most operators)
console.log(10 - 5 - 2); // 3 ((10-5)-2)
console.log(100 / 10 / 2); // 5 ((100/10)/2)

// Right-to-left (exponentiation)
console.log(2 ** (3 ** 2)); // 512 (2^(3^2) = 2^9)

Complex Expressions

// Break down step by step:
let result = 2 + (3 * 4 ** 2) / 8 - 1;
// Step 1: 4 ** 2 = 16
// Step 2: 3 * 16 = 48
// Step 3: 48 / 8 = 6
// Step 4: 2 + 6 = 8
// Step 5: 8 - 1 = 7
console.log(result); // 7

// When in doubt, use parentheses!
let clear = 2 + (3 * 4 ** 2) / 8 - 1;
console.log(clear); // 7

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Special Numeric Values

Working with Infinity

console.log(Infinity + 1); // Infinity
console.log(Infinity - Infinity); // NaN
console.log(Infinity * 2); // Infinity
console.log(Infinity * 0); // NaN
console.log(Infinity / Infinity); // NaN
console.log(1 / Infinity); // 0
console.log(Infinity ** 0); // 1

Working with NaN

// Any arithmetic with NaN produces NaN
console.log(NaN + 5); // NaN
console.log(NaN * 10); // NaN
console.log(NaN / 2); // NaN
console.log(NaN ** 0); // 1 (only exception!)

// NaN is "contagious"
let value = parseInt('abc'); // NaN
console.log(value + 100); // NaN

Checking for Special Values

console.log(Number.isNaN(NaN)); // true
console.log(Number.isFinite(Infinity)); // false
console.log(Number.isFinite(100)); // true
console.log(Number.isFinite(NaN)); // false

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Common Patterns

Rounding Operations

// Round to nearest integer (use Math)
let num = 7.7;
console.log(Math.round(num)); // 8
console.log(Math.floor(num)); // 7 (round down)
console.log(Math.ceil(num)); // 8 (round up)
console.log(Math.trunc(num)); // 7 (remove decimals)

// Round to decimal places
let price = 19.99999;
console.log(Math.round(price * 100) / 100); // 20
console.log(price.toFixed(2)); // "20.00" (string!)

Random Numbers

// Random between 0 and 1
console.log(Math.random());

// Random integer between min and max (inclusive)
function randomInt(min, max) {
  return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}
console.log(randomInt(1, 10)); // 1-10

// Random from array
let items = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
let randomItem = items[Math.floor(Math.random() * items.length)];

Percentage Calculations

function percentage(part, whole) {
  return (part / whole) * 100;
}
console.log(percentage(25, 100)); // 25
console.log(percentage(1, 3)); // 33.333...

function percentageOf(percent, total) {
  return (percent / 100) * total;
}
console.log(percentageOf(20, 150)); // 30

Currency and Precision

// Floating point issues
console.log(0.1 + 0.2); // 0.30000000000000004

// Solution: Work in cents/smallest unit
let priceInCents = 199; // $1.99
let taxInCents = Math.round(priceInCents * 0.08); // 8% tax
let totalInCents = priceInCents + taxInCents;
let totalInDollars = totalInCents / 100;
console.log(`$${totalInDollars.toFixed(2)}`); // $2.15

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Best Practices

1. Use Parentheses for Clarity

// Unclear
let result = a + (b * c) / d - e;

// Clear
let result = a + (b * c) / d - e;

2. Avoid String + Number Confusion

// Bad
let userInput = '5';
let result = userInput + 10; // "510" (string!)

// Good
let userInput = '5';
let result = Number(userInput) + 10; // 15
// or
let result = +userInput + 10; // 15

3. Check for NaN

// Bad
function calculate(x, y) {
  return x / y;
}

// Good
function calculate(x, y) {
  let result = x / y;
  if (Number.isNaN(result) || !Number.isFinite(result)) {
    throw new Error('Invalid calculation');
  }
  return result;
}

4. Handle Division by Zero

// Bad
function divide(a, b) {
  return a / b; // Returns Infinity for b=0
}

// Good
function divide(a, b) {
  if (b === 0) {
    throw new Error('Division by zero');
  }
  return a / b;
}

5. Use Increment/Decrement Carefully

// Avoid confusing expressions
// Bad
let x = a++ + ++b - c--;

// Good
a++;
++b;
let x = a + b - c;
c--;

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Summary

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Next Steps

After mastering arithmetic operators, continue to:

• •3.2 Comparison Operators
• •3.3 Logical Operators