8.3 BigInt

Overview

BigInt is a built-in JavaScript primitive that provides a way to represent integers larger than the Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER (2^53 - 1). Introduced in ES2020, BigInt enables precise arithmetic operations on arbitrarily large integers without losing precision.

Learning Objectives

•Understand the limitations of JavaScript Number type
•Create and work with BigInt values
•Perform arithmetic operations with BigInt
•Convert between Number and BigInt
•Use BigInt in practical applications

Why BigInt?

Number Limitations

// Safe integer range
console.log(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER); // 9007199254740991
console.log(Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER); // -9007199254740991

// Loss of precision beyond safe range
console.log(9007199254740991 + 1); // 9007199254740992 ✓
console.log(9007199254740991 + 2); // 9007199254740992 ✗ (should be 9007199254740993)
console.log(9007199254740991 + 3); // 9007199254740994 ✗ (should be 9007199254740994)

// Check if safe
console.log(Number.isSafeInteger(9007199254740991)); // true
console.log(Number.isSafeInteger(9007199254740992)); // false

Creating BigInt Values

Literal Syntax

// Append 'n' to create BigInt literal
const big = 123456789012345678901234567890n;
console.log(big); // 123456789012345678901234567890n
console.log(typeof big); // "bigint"

// Negative BigInt
const negative = -9007199254740993n;

BigInt Constructor

// From integer
const fromInt = BigInt(123); // 123n

// From string (for very large numbers)
const fromString = BigInt('123456789012345678901234567890');

// From hex, octal, binary strings
const fromHex = BigInt('0xFF'); // 255n
const fromOctal = BigInt('0o777'); // 511n
const fromBinary = BigInt('0b11111111'); // 255n

Important Restrictions

// Cannot create from decimal/float
BigInt(1.5); // TypeError
BigInt(NaN); // TypeError
BigInt(Infinity); // TypeError

// Use Math.trunc for decimals
BigInt(Math.trunc(1.9)); // 1n

Arithmetic Operations

Basic Operations

const a = 10n;
const b = 3n;

console.log(a + b); // 13n  (addition)
console.log(a - b); // 7n   (subtraction)
console.log(a * b); // 30n  (multiplication)
console.log(a / b); // 3n   (division - truncated)
console.log(a % b); // 1n   (remainder)
console.log(a ** b); // 1000n (exponentiation)

Division Behavior

// Division truncates toward zero
console.log(5n / 2n); // 2n (not 2.5)
console.log(-5n / 2n); // -2n (not -2.5)

// For decimal results, convert to Number
const result = Number(5n) / Number(2n); // 2.5

Unary Operations

const x = 5n;

console.log(-x); // -5n (negation works)
// console.log(+x);   // TypeError (unary + not supported)

Comparison Operations

Equality

// Strict equality (type matters)
console.log(10n === 10); // false (different types)
console.log(10n === 10n); // true

// Loose equality (type coercion)
console.log(10n == 10); // true
console.log(10n == '10'); // true

Relational Comparisons

console.log(10n > 5n); // true
console.log(10n > 5); // true (mixed comparison allowed)
console.log(10n < 20); // true

// Sorting
const mixed = [10n, 5, 8n, 3, 12n];
mixed.sort((a, b) => (a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0));
console.log(mixed); // [3, 5, 8n, 10n, 12n]

Type Conversion

BigInt to Other Types

const big = 123n;

// To Number (may lose precision)
console.log(Number(big)); // 123

// To String
console.log(String(big)); // "123"
console.log(big.toString()); // "123"
console.log(big.toString(16)); // "7b" (hex)
console.log(big.toString(2)); // "1111011" (binary)

// To Boolean
console.log(Boolean(0n)); // false
console.log(Boolean(1n)); // true

Number to BigInt

// Safe integer
const num = 123;
const big = BigInt(num); // 123n

// Precision loss warning
const unsafe = 9007199254740993; // Already lost precision
console.log(BigInt(unsafe)); // 9007199254740992n (wrong!)

// Use string for large numbers
const correct = BigInt('9007199254740993'); // Correct!

Cannot Mix with Number

const big = 10n;
const num = 5;

// These throw TypeError
// big + num;
// big * num;
// Math.sqrt(big);

// Must convert explicitly
console.log(big + BigInt(num)); // 15n
console.log(Number(big) + num); // 15

BigInt with Built-in Objects

Array Methods

const bigInts = [10n, 5n, 20n, 15n];

// Some methods work
console.log(bigInts.includes(5n)); // true

// Sorting requires custom comparator
bigInts.sort((a, b) => {
  if (a < b) return -1;
  if (a > b) return 1;
  return 0;
});

JSON

// BigInt is not JSON-serializable by default
const obj = { id: 123456789012345678901n };

// JSON.stringify(obj);  // TypeError

// Custom serialization
const jsonString = JSON.stringify(obj, (key, value) =>
  typeof value === 'bigint' ? value.toString() : value
);
console.log(jsonString); // {"id":"123456789012345678901"}

// Custom parsing
const parsed = JSON.parse(jsonString, (key, value) =>
  key === 'id' ? BigInt(value) : value
);

Bitwise Operations

const a = 0b1010n; // 10n
const b = 0b1100n; // 12n

console.log(a & b); // 8n  (0b1000) - AND
console.log(a | b); // 14n (0b1110) - OR
console.log(a ^ b); // 6n  (0b0110) - XOR
console.log(~a); // -11n - NOT

// Shifts
console.log(a << 2n); // 40n  (left shift)
console.log(a >> 1n); // 5n   (right shift)

Practical Use Cases

Database IDs

// Many databases use 64-bit IDs
const twitterId = 1234567890123456789n;
const snowflakeId = BigInt('1309881276729737216');

// Safe to compare and manipulate
const nextId = snowflakeId + 1n;

Cryptography

// Large prime numbers
const prime = 104729n;
const modulo = 2n ** 256n - 1n;

// Modular exponentiation
function modPow(base, exponent, mod) {
  let result = 1n;
  base = base % mod;
  while (exponent > 0n) {
    if (exponent % 2n === 1n) {
      result = (result * base) % mod;
    }
    exponent = exponent / 2n;
    base = (base * base) % mod;
  }
  return result;
}

Financial Calculations

// Store amounts in cents/smallest unit as BigInt
class Money {
  constructor(cents) {
    this.cents = BigInt(cents);
  }

  add(other) {
    return new Money(this.cents + other.cents);
  }

  multiply(factor) {
    return new Money(this.cents * BigInt(factor));
  }

  toString() {
    const str = this.cents.toString().padStart(3, '0');
    return `$${str.slice(0, -2)}.${str.slice(-2)}`;
  }
}

const price = new Money(9999); // $99.99
const quantity = 1000000;
const total = price.multiply(quantity);
console.log(total.toString()); // Precise calculation

High-Precision Timestamps

// Nanosecond timestamps
const timestampNs = 1234567890123456789n;

// Convert to components
const seconds = timestampNs / 1000000000n;
const nanos = timestampNs % 1000000000n;

Best Practices

•Use String for Large Literals: When creating BigInt from large values, use strings to avoid precision loss
•Be Explicit About Conversions: Always explicitly convert between Number and BigInt
•Handle JSON Serialization: Implement custom serialization for BigInt values
•Consider Performance: BigInt operations are slower than Number operations
•Use for Integer-Only Operations: BigInt doesn't support decimals

Browser/Node.js Support

BigInt is supported in:

•Chrome 67+
•Firefox 68+
•Safari 14+
•Node.js 10.4+

Summary

| Feature | Description | | ---------- | ------------------------------------------ | ----------------------- | | Creation | 123n or BigInt(123) | | Arithmetic | +, -, *, / (truncated), %, ** | | Comparison | <, >, <=, >=, ==, === | | Bitwise | &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> | | No mixing | Cannot mix with Number in operations | | No Math | Math object methods don't work with BigInt | | JSON | Requires custom serialization |

8.3-BigInt